By Eirik Jakobsen
Fall semester, 2004
University college of Stavanger, Faculty of Arts and Education
Master’s degree in literacy studies,
Module II: MLI 120 – Literacy from Developmental Perspectives
Introduction
The rapid technological progress in the last years has heralded a new era in our understanding of promoting literacy. Grabe and Kaplan (1996:298) present some of the advantages of using Information Communication Technology (ICT) in the classroom and, even though one can recognise and even acknowledge these advantages, there are also aspects of ICT which may hinder the development of pupils’ literacy. The underlying assumption is that ICT can be a valid and useful tool for the promotion of literacy among young learners, and that the disadvantages presented can (and should) be avoided with a qualified supervisor. Instead of focussing on a specific age group, this essay will in general deal with children in a western society of up until school-leaving age, (15) and will only specify the age of “young learners” where applicable.
In addition to discussing how ICT can be used in the classroom, this essay will also include the use of computer technology at home. A recent study on American families with children between the ages of 0-6 has shown that nearly 3 out of 4 families have a computer at home, and that 70% of children between the ages of 4-6 have used a computer (Rideout et al. 2003). Additionally, parents cite the computer as the most useful electronic medium for educational purposes. Consequently, it is vital that this essay also acknowledges the value (and pitfalls) of ICT in a home environment.
But what is Information Communication Technology? When using a broad interpretation, the technology used to communicate information could encompass telephones, fax machines, mobile phones, SMS, or even the telegraph. In today’s digitalised world, however, the term “ICT” has become mutually interchangeable with “computer technology”, and it is that aspect which will be relevant to this essay, in which the computer, and the way young learners use it, will be the subject of scrutiny.
Because “computer technology” is an abstract concept, it is important to note which specific aspects of ICT will be the focus of this essay. It will include a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages on literary development of three domains of computer technology: word processing, the Internet and software. First, how does word processing affect the way young children learn to produce writing, and is that type of development beneficial or harmful to children’s literacy? Second, will the various types of language on The Internet enrich a young learner’s own language, or will it be detrimental to the pupil’s development as an author of proper, grammatically correct writing? David Crystal (2001:236) addresses this issue and claims that: “The bending and breaking of rules, which is a hallmark of ludic linguistic behaviour, [often present in online communication among young learners – my note] always presents a problem to those who have not yet developed a confident command of the rules per se.” Third, when a child interacts with an electronic dictionary or a game, does this experience affect the child’s own ability to read and write? By answering these questions, I aim to show that, despite any negative influences ICT may have on a young learner, the advantages to the development of literacy offered by computer technology far outweigh the disadvantages of this relatively new tool for literacy learning.